Отчет проблемы о первичной и вторичной бездомности в период пандемии

INTRODUCTION

ABBREVIATIONS

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ

INTRODUCTION

ABBREVIATIONS

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ

Отчет проблемы о первичной и вторичной бездомности в период пандемии

INTRODUCTION

ABBREVIATIONS

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ

INTRODUCTION

ABBREVIATIONS

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ

The main motives for moving are different for each target group. Opportunities and conditions «easier» to live in the city and the presence of relatives are the main reasons for moving LOVZ. Graduates of orphanages move more because of the presence of relatives in cities, or study and work. Most homeless people often cited the search for work or the opportunity to «live easier» in cities as the reasons for moving.

Despite the urgent need for housing for orphaned children and children left without parental care, the Municipal Municipal Administration does not develop effective measures to provide orphans and children left without parental care with housing, does not monitor the overall situation and does not allocate a separate budget for housing issues. The authorized body for the allocation of housing in cities is the municipal property Management. They (together with the MTU) are mainly engaged in the identification and release of extortionate and orphan apartments for further provision to citizens standing in line for housing. To date (since 2016), UMI specialists have identified 29 extortionate and unattended apartments, over which a trial is currently being conducted to release them.

Since 2006, the Bishkek City Mayor’s Office has been leasing land plots to private developers without a tender, with the condition of transferring 10% of the built housing to the municipality for transfer to social workers, needy and low-income families. In total, 30 houses with different quadrature and number of apartments were built for such objects. However, in 2019, by court decisions, the clauses on the return of 10% of residential areas were canceled due to the incompetence of the lawyers of the mayor’s office itself. If this mechanism is consolidated by regulatory acts at the Government level, in the future it would help partially cover the housing needs of not only orphans but also low-income families in all regions of the country.

MTSD understands that the vast majority of VDD have nowhere to go after graduation. In this connection, in 2019, a project was proposed for social support of pupils of boarding-type children’s institutions for 3 years immediately after graduation from the orphanage. The support provides for the preparation of children for adulthood, training in various skills and payment for rental housing with an annual coverage of 100-120 children left without parental care. It was planned to start hiring housing from 2021, but the MF refused to finance it, due to financial and economic difficulties (during the pandemic) and the need to determine the source of funding. Thus, the legislation guaranteeing the protection of the right to adequate housing for orphaned children and those left without parental care is not respected. Graduates of orphanages are left to themselves, and the issue of providing them with housing is not a priority for both municipal and state bodies.

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Housing conditions

The right to adequate housing is an inalienable right of all citizens of the country guaranteed by the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Housing Code, as well as international treaties under which the country has assumed an obligation. According to the Constitution, housing for needy persons should be provided free of charge or for an affordable fee from state, municipal and other housing funds or in social institutions. To date, it is obvious that the right to housing of vulnerable categories of citizens of the country is not adequately ensured by state and municipal bodies, and exists only on paper. Even before the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, the availability of housing for vulnerable categories of citizens in existing public housing programs was not considered a priority.

Homeless people. The right to social support with established minimum standards of social service, but with a limited period of use of shelters up to 3-6 months does not guarantee persons without a fixed place of residence an adequate level of accommodation as established by law. Immediately after the end of this period, homeless people remain on the street, without the possibility of employment for a job with a stable salary, due to the lack of a residence permit. Thus, they lose the opportunity to provide themselves not only with housing, but also with food.

It is also important to note the fact that in Osh there is no institution for the homeless belonging to municipal bodies and a certain budget for housing issues for the homeless. Assistance to the homeless is carried out by public organizations in fragments, and only when the problem is updated in the media in winter, a small budget will be allocated to the only fund «Musaada», which places no more than 15 homeless people at night. The rest of the year, the homeless are left to themselves and survive as best they can.

Taking into account that a large proportion of the homeless are internal migrants, and the rapid population growth of cities due to internal migration, the dynamics of homeless people will grow accordingly. Meanwhile, in both cities, municipal authorities do not keep statistics on homeless people, as a result of which their total number and dynamics are not known. This is also the reason for the lack of effective measures and programs for rehabilitation and reduction of homelessness of persons without a fixed place of residence. It follows that homeless people are not considered by the authorities as a category of persons in need of adequate housing.

VDD. The system of redirecting and providing temporary accommodation for graduates of orphanages does not work effectively and does not cover all children in need of housing with sufficient housing. According to the results of the study, more than a third of respondents from the total number of interviewed graduates of orphanages did not receive further redirection to temporary residence. Moreover, in Osh, such cases were detected twice as many as in Bishkek. Immediately after graduating from the ninth grade and graduating from boarding school at the age of 15-16, while still a child, they are forced to solve housing issues. As a rule, graduates at this age are not adapted to the conditions of independent life. They are forced to take on difficult work in order to provide themselves with food and temporary housing with questionable conditions. And in the absence of housing, they are at risk of becoming a victim of circumstances – to be marginalized, to join the ranks of persons without a certain place of residence or crime.

According to the survey, only 5% of respondents living in Bishkek, out of the total number of all respondents, confirmed their knowledge of their rights to adequate housing. In addition, 58% of graduates who rent housing do not have written contracts with the landlord. Actually, such a circumstance cannot provide a guarantee of residence, and protection from loss of housing in the event of termination of the contract by the landlord. At the same time, they do not generally have knowledge and cannot take advantage of the legally guaranteed rights to adequate housing. This suggests that graduates do not receive information from authorized bodies, which are a key link in redirecting and forming lists for housing or land for orphaned children and children left without parental care.

Despite the urgent need for housing for orphaned children and children left without parental care, the Municipal Municipal Administration does not allocate a separate budget for housing issues and does not develop effective measures to provide them with housing. Moreover, the USR does not track the statistics of needy graduates of orphanages in housing. Since independence, housing has been allocated in Osh – 1 orphan child (in 2017) and in Bishkek – 7 orphans (in 2020). Currently, 89 orphans in Bishkek and 12 in Osh are on the waiting list for extraordinary housing in UMI. Certainly, due to ignorance of their rights, many needy graduates of orphanages do not apply to the authorized bodies for ensuring the right to adequate housing. On the other hand, the authorities do not comply with legislation guaranteeing the protection of the right of orphans and children left without parental care to adequate housing. Consequently, the issue of providing them with housing is not a priority for both municipal and state bodies.

LOVZ. According to article 44 of the Housing Code, the provision of housing for LOVZ is guaranteed as a matter of priority. However, they most often do not apply to State and municipal authorities and cannot use their guaranteed rights to adequate housing mainly because they do not know about it. According to the results of the study, none of the respondents LOVZ does not know about their rights to adequate housing. Like graduates of orphanages, LOVZ are not protected from loss of housing in case of termination of the contract by the landlord. By the way, 70% of respondents currently live in rented housing, of which 94.4% of respondents do not have a written lease/ rental agreement with the landlord.

Accounting of data on the number of people in need of housing and the dynamics of changes in their living conditions are not conducted by the USR. Since independence, housing has been provided for LOVZ once – 4 houses in Bishkek for 225 apartments (in 2008) and 1 house in Osh for 66 apartments (in 2018). However, in both cities, the issuance of apartments was opaque and was accompanied by violations of the Housing Code. In total, about 75 apartments in Bishkek and 40 apartments in Osh were distributed to outsiders who did not meet the requirements for the issuance of living space.

In March 2019, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was ratified in the Kyrgyz Republic, according to which, among others, the State is obliged to take measures to ensure access to public housing programs for people with disabilities. However, the problem lies not only in the fact that low-income households do not know their rights to adequate housing, but also in the fact that existing state programs are focused on solvent citizens of the country. Difficulties are also caused by the employment of LOVZ in order to be able to earn enough and generally participate in state mortgage programs that require a stable income and be an employee of state or municipal institutions. The quota of jobs established by the Labor Code for LOWZ in state and municipal bodies in the amount of at least 5% of the number of employees (in 2019 – in Bishkek – 143, in Osh – 20 jobs), for various reasons, is not filled. Thus, this measure does not contribute to sufficient earnings and participation of LOWZ in state mortgage programs.

LVIK. In general, with the exception of people who have taken out a mortgage loan, the vast majority of the rest of the target group of the study do not know any public housing programs. Perhaps because they are not targeted at vulnerable categories of people. State programs do not provide for the possibility of providing housing for free or at an affordable price to vulnerable citizens or other people in need, although this constitutional right must be ensured by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. 84% of respondents who have taken out a mortgage loan are sure that it is impossible to purchase housing in Kyrgyzstan without additional state support. The conditions for the purchase of housing in the real estate market, according to the adopted state programs, involves obtaining it by mortgages at 6-14% per annum for a period of 15 years, which is still impossible for most citizens and does not fundamentally solve the issues of housing affordability. For the monthly payment of a mortgage loan, the vast majority of respondents need to have additional sources of income at the same time in addition to formal work. While the rest of the respondents from the target group find it much more difficult even to provide themselves with food, to pay rent. However, at present, people who have taken out a mortgage loan are also experiencing difficulties with payments. Many of them, in order not to lose their homes, pay off their mortgage by borrowing money.

Impact of the pandemic

As a result of the introduction of an emergency/emergency to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection, economic activity in Kyrgyzstan slowed down sharply, more than 113.7 thousand enterprises across the country were closed. This led to a significant reduction in GDP (by 8.6%) and, accordingly, an increase in the poverty level of the Kyrgyz population from 20% in 2019 to 31% by the end of 2020. The pandemic with accompanying emergencies and emergencies also had a negative impact on the budget indicators of the cities of Bishkek and Osh. In turn, all this has negatively affected the labor income of the population, which is the main factor in maintaining the standard of living and ensuring adequate housing for those who rent housing or pay a mortgage loan. At the same time, the pandemic has exposed all the existing problems of vulnerable categories of citizens in the housing issue.

Демографические характеристики целевой группы опроса

Дополнительные таблицы

The main motives for moving are different for each target group. Opportunities and conditions «easier» to live in the city and the presence of relatives are the main reasons for moving LOVZ. Graduates of orphanages move more because of the presence of relatives in cities, or study and work. Most homeless people often cited the search for work or the opportunity to «live easier» in cities as the reasons for moving.

Despite the urgent need for housing for orphaned children and children left without parental care, the Municipal Municipal Administration does not develop effective measures to provide orphans and children left without parental care with housing, does not monitor the overall situation and does not allocate a separate budget for housing issues. The authorized body for the allocation of housing in cities is the municipal property Management. They (together with the MTU) are mainly engaged in the identification and release of extortionate and orphan apartments for further provision to citizens standing in line for housing. To date (since 2016), UMI specialists have identified 29 extortionate and unattended apartments, over which a trial is currently being conducted to release them.

Since 2006, the Bishkek City Mayor’s Office has been leasing land plots to private developers without a tender, with the condition of transferring 10% of the built housing to the municipality for transfer to social workers, needy and low-income families. In total, 30 houses with different quadrature and number of apartments were built for such objects. However, in 2019, by court decisions, the clauses on the return of 10% of residential areas were canceled due to the incompetence of the lawyers of the mayor’s office itself. If this mechanism is consolidated by regulatory acts at the Government level, in the future it would help partially cover the housing needs of not only orphans but also low-income families in all regions of the country.

MTSD understands that the vast majority of VDD have nowhere to go after graduation. In this connection, in 2019, a project was proposed for social support of pupils of boarding-type children’s institutions for 3 years immediately after graduation from the orphanage. The support provides for the preparation of children for adulthood, training in various skills and payment for rental housing with an annual coverage of 100-120 children left without parental care. It was planned to start hiring housing from 2021, but the MF refused to finance it, due to financial and economic difficulties (during the pandemic) and the need to determine the source of funding. Thus, the legislation guaranteeing the protection of the right to adequate housing for orphaned children and those left without parental care is not respected. Graduates of orphanages are left to themselves, and the issue of providing them with housing is not a priority for both municipal and state bodies.

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Housing conditions

The right to adequate housing is an inalienable right of all citizens of the country guaranteed by the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Housing Code, as well as international treaties under which the country has assumed an obligation. According to the Constitution, housing for needy persons should be provided free of charge or for an affordable fee from state, municipal and other housing funds or in social institutions. To date, it is obvious that the right to housing of vulnerable categories of citizens of the country is not adequately ensured by state and municipal bodies, and exists only on paper. Even before the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, the availability of housing for vulnerable categories of citizens in existing public housing programs was not considered a priority.

Homeless people. The right to social support with established minimum standards of social service, but with a limited period of use of shelters up to 3-6 months does not guarantee persons without a fixed place of residence an adequate level of accommodation as established by law. Immediately after the end of this period, homeless people remain on the street, without the possibility of employment for a job with a stable salary, due to the lack of a residence permit. Thus, they lose the opportunity to provide themselves not only with housing, but also with food.

It is also important to note the fact that in Osh there is no institution for the homeless belonging to municipal bodies and a certain budget for housing issues for the homeless. Assistance to the homeless is carried out by public organizations in fragments, and only when the problem is updated in the media in winter, a small budget will be allocated to the only fund «Musaada», which places no more than 15 homeless people at night. The rest of the year, the homeless are left to themselves and survive as best they can.

Taking into account that a large proportion of the homeless are internal migrants, and the rapid population growth of cities due to internal migration, the dynamics of homeless people will grow accordingly. Meanwhile, in both cities, municipal authorities do not keep statistics on homeless people, as a result of which their total number and dynamics are not known. This is also the reason for the lack of effective measures and programs for rehabilitation and reduction of homelessness of persons without a fixed place of residence. It follows that homeless people are not considered by the authorities as a category of persons in need of adequate housing.

VDD. The system of redirecting and providing temporary accommodation for graduates of orphanages does not work effectively and does not cover all children in need of housing with sufficient housing. According to the results of the study, more than a third of respondents from the total number of interviewed graduates of orphanages did not receive further redirection to temporary residence. Moreover, in Osh, such cases were detected twice as many as in Bishkek. Immediately after graduating from the ninth grade and graduating from boarding school at the age of 15-16, while still a child, they are forced to solve housing issues. As a rule, graduates at this age are not adapted to the conditions of independent life. They are forced to take on difficult work in order to provide themselves with food and temporary housing with questionable conditions. And in the absence of housing, they are at risk of becoming a victim of circumstances – to be marginalized, to join the ranks of persons without a certain place of residence or crime.

According to the survey, only 5% of respondents living in Bishkek, out of the total number of all respondents, confirmed their knowledge of their rights to adequate housing. In addition, 58% of graduates who rent housing do not have written contracts with the landlord. Actually, such a circumstance cannot provide a guarantee of residence, and protection from loss of housing in the event of termination of the contract by the landlord. At the same time, they do not generally have knowledge and cannot take advantage of the legally guaranteed rights to adequate housing. This suggests that graduates do not receive information from authorized bodies, which are a key link in redirecting and forming lists for housing or land for orphaned children and children left without parental care.

Despite the urgent need for housing for orphaned children and children left without parental care, the Municipal Municipal Administration does not allocate a separate budget for housing issues and does not develop effective measures to provide them with housing. Moreover, the USR does not track the statistics of needy graduates of orphanages in housing. Since independence, housing has been allocated in Osh – 1 orphan child (in 2017) and in Bishkek – 7 orphans (in 2020). Currently, 89 orphans in Bishkek and 12 in Osh are on the waiting list for extraordinary housing in UMI. Certainly, due to ignorance of their rights, many needy graduates of orphanages do not apply to the authorized bodies for ensuring the right to adequate housing. On the other hand, the authorities do not comply with legislation guaranteeing the protection of the right of orphans and children left without parental care to adequate housing. Consequently, the issue of providing them with housing is not a priority for both municipal and state bodies.

LOVZ. According to article 44 of the Housing Code, the provision of housing for LOVZ is guaranteed as a matter of priority. However, they most often do not apply to State and municipal authorities and cannot use their guaranteed rights to adequate housing mainly because they do not know about it. According to the results of the study, none of the respondents LOVZ does not know about their rights to adequate housing. Like graduates of orphanages, LOVZ are not protected from loss of housing in case of termination of the contract by the landlord. By the way, 70% of respondents currently live in rented housing, of which 94.4% of respondents do not have a written lease/ rental agreement with the landlord.

Accounting of data on the number of people in need of housing and the dynamics of changes in their living conditions are not conducted by the USR. Since independence, housing has been provided for LOVZ once – 4 houses in Bishkek for 225 apartments (in 2008) and 1 house in Osh for 66 apartments (in 2018). However, in both cities, the issuance of apartments was opaque and was accompanied by violations of the Housing Code. In total, about 75 apartments in Bishkek and 40 apartments in Osh were distributed to outsiders who did not meet the requirements for the issuance of living space.

In March 2019, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was ratified in the Kyrgyz Republic, according to which, among others, the State is obliged to take measures to ensure access to public housing programs for people with disabilities. However, the problem lies not only in the fact that low-income households do not know their rights to adequate housing, but also in the fact that existing state programs are focused on solvent citizens of the country. Difficulties are also caused by the employment of LOVZ in order to be able to earn enough and generally participate in state mortgage programs that require a stable income and be an employee of state or municipal institutions. The quota of jobs established by the Labor Code for LOWZ in state and municipal bodies in the amount of at least 5% of the number of employees (in 2019 – in Bishkek – 143, in Osh – 20 jobs), for various reasons, is not filled. Thus, this measure does not contribute to sufficient earnings and participation of LOWZ in state mortgage programs.

LVIK. In general, with the exception of people who have taken out a mortgage loan, the vast majority of the rest of the target group of the study do not know any public housing programs. Perhaps because they are not targeted at vulnerable categories of people. State programs do not provide for the possibility of providing housing for free or at an affordable price to vulnerable citizens or other people in need, although this constitutional right must be ensured by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. 84% of respondents who have taken out a mortgage loan are sure that it is impossible to purchase housing in Kyrgyzstan without additional state support. The conditions for the purchase of housing in the real estate market, according to the adopted state programs, involves obtaining it by mortgages at 6-14% per annum for a period of 15 years, which is still impossible for most citizens and does not fundamentally solve the issues of housing affordability. For the monthly payment of a mortgage loan, the vast majority of respondents need to have additional sources of income at the same time in addition to formal work. While the rest of the respondents from the target group find it much more difficult even to provide themselves with food, to pay rent. However, at present, people who have taken out a mortgage loan are also experiencing difficulties with payments. Many of them, in order not to lose their homes, pay off their mortgage by borrowing money.

Impact of the pandemic

As a result of the introduction of an emergency/emergency to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection, economic activity in Kyrgyzstan slowed down sharply, more than 113.7 thousand enterprises across the country were closed. This led to a significant reduction in GDP (by 8.6%) and, accordingly, an increase in the poverty level of the Kyrgyz population from 20% in 2019 to 31% by the end of 2020. The pandemic with accompanying emergencies and emergencies also had a negative impact on the budget indicators of the cities of Bishkek and Osh. In turn, all this has negatively affected the labor income of the population, which is the main factor in maintaining the standard of living and ensuring adequate housing for those who rent housing or pay a mortgage loan. At the same time, the pandemic has exposed all the existing problems of vulnerable categories of citizens in the housing issue.

Демографические характеристики целевой группы опроса

Дополнительные таблицы

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Housing conditions

Impact of the pandemic

Демографические характеристики целевой группы опроса

Дополнительные таблицы

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Housing conditions

Impact of the pandemic

Демографические характеристики целевой группы опроса

Дополнительные таблицы

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Автор: Организация Интербилим · Опубликовано 14.04.2022 · Обновлено 14.04.2022

Интербилим Ош предоставляет отчет о проблеме первичной и вторичной бездомности в период пандемии на английском языке

PREPARED BY ORDER OF NGO «INTERBILIM» AS PART OF THE PROJECT «HOMELESSNESS AS A FUNDAMENTAL HOUSING PROBLEM» AND PF «OUR RIGHT» AS PART OF THE PROJECT «LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING OF VULNERABLE GROUPS OF THE POPULATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PANDEMIC»

Report on the results of a study of homelessness in the cities of Bishkek and Osh as a right to adequate housing. Report prepared by: Anarbayeva S.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….. 3

ABBREVIATIONS. 5

METHODOLOGY. 6

CHAPTER I. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING.. 7

Persons without a fixed place of residence. 7

Graduates of orphanages. 10

Persons with disabilities. 15

Persons who have taken a mortgage loan. 20

CHAPTER III. WEALTH POSITION.. 25

CHAPTER IV. PANDEMIC IMPACT. 28

Persons without fixed residence. 28

Graduates of orphanages, persons with disabilities and persons who have taken a mortgage loan. 29

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 35

Findings. 35

Recommendations. 37

APPENDICES. 39

Demographic characteristics of the survey target group. 39

Additional tables. 41

The outbreak of coronavirus infection occurred at the end of December 2019. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced a coronavirus pandemic. Already on March 22, 2020, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Kyrgyz Republic has distributed restrictive rules and recommendations for Kyrgyzstanis in an emergency (emergency). And from March 24 to May 10, 2020, a state of emergency (state of emergency) was introduced in the territories of the cities of Bishkek and Osh. In this connection, a curfew was imposed with strict restrictions on visiting any public places, stopping public transport, reducing working hours and staff of public and private organizations. People were forbidden to leave the house without an itinerary, gather and hold any events.

For various reasons, ensuring citizens’ rights to adequate housing is a significant problem in Kyrgyzstan. And the pandemic of coronavirus infection has exposed and aggravated existing problems in the housing sector, in particular, concerning vulnerable categories of the population. The most vulnerable were people who do not have their own housing – these are graduates of orphanages, people with disabilities (LOVZ), people without a fixed place of residence (homeless people), as well as citizens who took out a mortgage and lost opportunities to earn money and pay off a loan or rent housing during an emergency. The absence of formal agreements when renting residential premises created additional problems, the threat of being evicted and left on the street.

Despite the existence of norms in the Constitution and the Housing Code of the Kyrgyz Republic that guarantee the primary right to adequate housing for vulnerable categories of citizens of the country, in fact, ensuring this right is not being implemented. There are no policies and programs aimed at solving the social challenges facing vulnerable groups of the population during an emergency. And the existing housing programs of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic are aimed at solvent citizens of the country.

Moreover, social protection systems have poorly supported not only socially vulnerable segments of the population, but also able-bodied citizens of the country in changed working conditions. The termination or suspension of the activities of individual businesses has led to job cuts. The transition to a remote mode of work in the formal sector of the economy led to a reduction in wages by 30-50%. Despite being informed about possible social protection measures , unemployment benefits were not issued . Thus, the population remained unprotected in the conditions of the pandemic, and the most vulnerable categories of citizens suffered significant socio-economic damage from the perspective of the risks of poverty and homelessness. According to the World Bank, the poverty level of the Kyrgyz population from 20% in 2019 by the end of 2020 reached 31%. According to World Bank forecasts, the percentage of poverty is expected to increase to 35% in 2021.

Meanwhile, neither State nor municipal authorities have data on the number of vulnerable people who have suffered real losses and have been left without earnings and/or housing since the announcement of the pandemic. It is important to note that municipal authorities do not track and do not keep general statistics, do not know the number of the above vulnerable people living in the cities of Bishkek and Osh who need housing. Thus, the problems of vulnerable people who do not have their own housing have minimal priority and are not noticeable in the total mass of residents of the two cities. This study was initiated by the Osh branch of the NGO «MC Interbilim» within the framework of the project «Homelessness as a fundamental housing problem», and OF «Our Right» within the framework of the project «Legal regulation of the right to adequate housing for vulnerable groups in a pandemic». Both organizations collected information and carried out field work in the cities of Bishkek and Osh. Specialists of the NGO «League of Innovative Development» (LIR) coordinated the research process and analyzed the results obtained. The study was implemented with the support of the Soros Kyrgyzstan Foundation.

The aim of the study is to study the problems of primary and secondary homelessness in the context of a pandemic, as part of the right to adequate housing. The study covered such groups of vulnerable people as graduates of orphanages, LOVZ, homeless people and citizens who took out a mortgage to purchase housing. The conclusions and recommendations of this study are planned to be proposed for improving the social housing program of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as for the adoption of appropriate regulatory legal acts providing socially vulnerable segments of the population with housing, including temporary and social housing.

БОМЖ БССУ ВДД ВОЗ ГИК КР ЛВИК ЛОВЗ МИП МП МТУ МУ МЧС УМИ УСР ФГД ЧП ЧС

A person without a fixed place of residence Bishkek Social Inpatient Institution Graduates of orphanages World Health Organization State Mortgage Company Kyrgyz Republic Persons who have taken out a mortgage loan Persons with disabilities Municipal mortgage enterprise of the City Hall of Osh Municipal Enterprise Municipal territorial administration Municipal institution Ministry of Emergency Situations Management of Municipal property under the OMSU The Department of Social Development at the OMSU Focus group discussions State of emergency

METHODOLOGY

The purpose of the study is to study the problems of primary and secondary homelessness in the context of a pandemic, as part of the right to adequate housing. The conclusions and recommendations of this study are planned to be proposed for improving the social housing program of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as for the adoption of appropriate regulatory legal acts providing socially vulnerable segments of the population with housing, including temporary and social housing.

Methods of data collection and analysis

used Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to achieve the objectives of the study:

• Desk analysis (analysis of secondary information)

The desk analysis includes an analysis of the legislation of the right to adequate housing, the housing program «My House» 2021-2026, the legal regulation of force majeure in the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as the state of the revenue and expenditure part of the budgets of the cities of Bishkek and Osh. The analysis was carried out directly by the Customers of this study by the Osh branch of the NGO «Interbilim» and OF «Our Right». In addition, an analysis of the media and existing publications in the public domain was carried out.

• Survey of respondents in a structured interview format by filling out online questionnaires

The survey was conducted using a simple random (convenient) sample among the target group of respondents in the cities of Bishkek and Osh. The total sample consisted of 508 respondents among the following categories of vulnerable groups of primary and secondary homelessness:

Таблица 1. Общая выборка
Target group of respondents	Бишкек	Ош
Persons without a fixed place of residence (homeless)	85	37
Graduates of orphanages (VDD)	87	20
Persons with disabilities (HIA)	124	48
Persons who have taken out a state mortgage loan (LVIK)	57	50
Total:	353	155

The demographic characteristics of the respondents are presented in more detail in Appendix 1.

The survey was conducted from March 3 to April 29, 2021 by employees of the Osh branch of the NGO «Interbilim» and OF «Our Right» after conducting training sessions on filling out questionnaires. Further, cleaning and processing of the results was carried out by specialists of the NGO «LIR».

• In-depth interviews among the heads of the departments of social development, municipal property of the two cities, representatives of the GIC and MIP of the Osh City Hall. A total of six interviews were conducted.

• Focus group discussions with representatives of public organizations dealing with the issues of the target group of the study. In total, two FGDs were held, one each in the cities of Bishkek and Osh.

The tools for the survey of respondents were compiled by specialists of the NGO «LIR» and agreed with the Customer. In total, 4 structured online questionnaires for the quantitative method and two questionnaires for the qualitative research method were prepared. The questionnaires consisted of closed, open and demographic questions aimed at determining the causal relationships of primary and secondary homelessness in the context of the pandemic, as part of the right to adequate housing. All the tools were compiled in Russian and Kyrgyz. Both variants were used during field work, depending on the respondent’s language.

The survey results were processed using a package of specialized statistical and econometric modeling software SPSS and Excel.

CHAPTER I. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING

The availability of housing was of great importance in the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the declaration of a state of emergency, with demands to stay at home and restricting the external movement of people. The study examined the existing housing conditions of the target group, taking into account the age of residence in the cities of Bishkek and Osh, the reasons for moving, the availability of a temporary residence, rented or mortgage housing, satisfaction with housing conditions and infrastructure, as well as awareness of the rights and guarantees of the state for adequate housing.

Current housing conditions

According to the results of the study, it can be seen that the main share of respondents are internal migrants who once moved to live in the cities of Bishkek and Osh. The largest share of respondents who moved to live in cities is noted among low-income households (82%) and persons who have taken out a mortgage loan (hereinafter LVIK) (74%). The share of those who live in the cities of Bishkek and Osh from birth is slightly higher among the homeless (41.8%) and graduates of orphanages (hereinafter VDD) (38.3%). Figure 1 shows the distribution of respondents by age of residence in the cities of Bishkek and Osh. In the context of cities, the number of residents living from birth prevails among the VDD, homeless and LOVZ from Osh. Whereas among the respondents in Bishkek, internal migrants predominate to a greater extent among the LOWZ and to a lesser extent among the LVIK. The majority of respondents moved to the cities of Bishkek and Osh from the Chui, Osh, Jalal-Abad regions. Respondents who moved from another country were identified only among the homeless (14%).

Persons without a fixed place of residence

Currently, most of the homeless people interviewed live in homeless shelters. Among those, the respondents from Bishkek turned out to be the most – 60% of the total number of respondents. While more than a third of the surveyed homeless in Osh live in heating mains. Then, by a large margin, there are such places of residence as an abandoned construction site or a house of relatives / friends. Prior to the introduction of quarantine, the respondents’ places of residence had some differences. The proportion of homeless people living in abandoned buildings of enterprises has significantly decreased, in the direction of an increase in the number of people living in abandoned construction sites and homeless shelters. The number of those who lived with relatives and friends also decreased (see table 2).

Таблица 2. Места проживания БОМЖей, №122, в номинальных числах
Места проживания	до введения карантина	текущее место проживания
Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37	Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37
Арендовал жилье	9	2	1	1
Теплотрасса	8	11	2	12
Брошенное жилье	19	3	7	2
Брошенные здания предприятий	14	6	4	4
Брошенная стройка	5	3	7	6
У родственников/друзей	27	5	12	—
Приют	8	—	51	8
На работе	—	2	—	1
Иное	4	5	—	3
Нет ответа	1	—	1	—

It is worth noting that the overwhelming majority of respondents from among the homeless had their own housing in the past (80.3%). Most often they lost their property because it was taken away by relatives (43.9%), or they had to leave housing to a spouse with children (29.6%). In every sixth case, housing was taken away for debts (15.3%), and in every ninth, realtors were selected (11.2%).

Among the main causes of homelessness of homeless people, most of them are: loss of work or financial ability to rent housing and family problems related to the division of housing among relatives. In addition, for the city of Bishkek, the reason for the inability to find employment after moving to the city is relevant, and for the city of Osh, alcohol and drug addiction (see diagram 2). The problem of lack of housing for former prisoners is also acute among the homeless in Osh.

For reference: according to the Law «On Probation», in order to minimize homelessness, the USR is informed six months before the prisoner leaves prison. Further, the specialists of the USR at the city hall travel to the place of former residence to prepare a (temporary) place of residence. In the absence of such, the released prisoner is sent and registered to the MTU, the district administration or to a homeless shelter as the «Kolomto» or OF «Musaada» to receive targeted social assistance. In Bishkek also has 3 shelters for temporary stay of homeless persons, designed for a total of 120 people (see table 19 in the appendix). Homeless people are allowed to permanently reside in shelters for no more than 3-6 months. Then they are forced to leave the shelter, and can visit it in a general manner, i.e. come to spend the night, if there is free space. Shelters are funded from local budgets, and can receive a limited number of people daily (Kolomto – 70, Musaada — 15 people). Shelters provide the following assistance: one-time meals; restoration of documents; humanitarian assistance to wash and get dressed; employment (in the MP Tazalyk, Zelenstroy or fields for the spring-summer or autumn period); prevention of alcoholism and drug addiction; return to the family environment (if available); or determination to a boarding institution if LOVZ or elderly, etc. social. services.

Despite the fact that in the legislation a person without a fixed place of residence has the right to social support with the established minimum standards of social services, the period of use of night shelters, limited to 3-6 months, cannot provide them with an adequate level of accommodation. Thus, there is a problem with the guarantee of residence for persons without a fixed place of residence, who cannot purchase their own housing in such a short period, not to mention sufficient self-provision.

The three problems that respondents most often face included: poor nutrition, the inability to find employment without housing (residence permit required), as well as the need to constantly search for a safe shelter. Among the homeless in Osh, among other things, the problem of insufficient access to living conditions such as toilet and shower is also relevant, which is more related to living in a heating main or abandoned construction sites (see diagram 3).

Most homeless people in Osh do not go anywhere in case of any problems.

Every eighth respondent addresses relatives or acquaintances. In contrast, for homeless people from Bishkek who do not apply anywhere for a solution to their problem is five times less and is only 12%. They mostly prefer to go to homeless shelters and religious organizations, much less often to relatives and friends (see diagram 4).

According to representatives of public organizations, increased attention to the problem of homelessness of homeless people arises from local authorities only in winter, when the media begin to cover that they are frozen on the street or in heating mains. In such cases, local authorities instruct shelters to accept more people. By the way, the total annual budget allocated for shelters is MU Kolomto – 6.7 million SOM, OF Musaada – 100-150 thousand. com . Initiatives on the part of the Osh USR to open municipal day care centers for homeless people have not been implemented. This may be due to the limitations of the city budget in the structure of housing issues for needy categories of the population, as well as the lack of accurate data and the dynamics of changes in the number of homeless people in cities to take any effective measures. At the same time, representatives of public organizations note an increase in the dynamics and «rejuvenation» of the homeless in both cities, which may be due to an increase in internal migration to the most developed cities of Bishkek and Osh.

It should be noted that every fourth (25%) homeless person in Bishkek and 70% of the surveyed homeless people in Osh do not know about the existence of homeless shelters. What, most likely, is the reason for the low appeal of homeless people in Osh to homeless shelters. On the other hand, the shelter in Osh mainly accepts homeless people for overnight stays only in winter. If homeless people in Bishkek go to shelters for many months and years in a row (up to 20 years), then homeless people in Osh have been there for no more than 4 months. According to the shelters, in 2021 the number of applicants was in Kolomto – over 1400 people, in Musaada – a little more than 130 people, of which about 60 are those who do not have a place of residence at all. Usually, they apply for hot meals, a shower, a temporary overnight stay and getting a change of clothes, shoes. While homeless people in Bishkek prefer shelters in addition to the listed services, it is also mandatory to receive medical care.

Graduates of orphanages

Unlike homeless people, who in most cases are faced with the problem of homelessness, at the age of 29-40, graduates of orphanages come into contact with this problem much earlier. Already at the age of 15-16, immediately after finishing nine grades and graduating from boarding school, they move into adulthood and are forced to solve housing issues while still a child.

The system of redirecting and providing temporary accommodation for graduates of orphanages does not work effectively and does not cover all children in need with sufficient housing. In this study, only 67.3% of respondents from the total number of VDD respondents confirmed receiving a further referral for temporary residence. These are mainly vocational schools (26.2%), or temporary shelters (20.6%), which can contain widows up to 18 years old. Much less often, VDD received referrals to work or social dormitories (11.2%) or youth homes (4.7%). More than a third of respondents were not redirected after finishing the ninth grade (32.7%). Moreover, most of them turned out to be among Osh graduates (60%) and to a slightly lesser extent among Bishkek graduates (26.4%).

For reference: according to the legislation, the departments of family and child support (OPSD), which are part of the structure of district executive authorities, are directly responsible for graduates of orphanages until they reach adulthood. Accordingly, after the release of children aged 15-16, the OPSD as part of the Commission for Children’s Affairs (CDD) consider and send the graduate of the orphanage to the regions from where they enrolled in a secondary special educational institution with accommodation, or provide their data to the authorized body where he was sent to register. Usually, by the decision of the KDD, a graduate is determined for a temporary stay in a secondary special educational institution or in a center for children in a difficult life situation, social homes / dormitories, or to return the child to the family (if parents / relatives are present). In social homes/dormitories, children are provided with minimum standards of social services by a psychologist, a social worker, redirection to training if necessary and employment for further self-support and implementation in life. Centers for children in difficult life situations, subordinate to the Ministry of Health and Social Development, accept and support graduates of orphanages from 16-23 years old. There are also accredited non-governmental boarding houses that accept and support children from 16-18 years old. There are 9 similar centers in Bishkek, and 4 in Osh. However, there are 4 accredited children’s boarding institutions in Bishkek, 2 in Osh. In this connection, the traffic police cannot always take them into account when redirecting children. Of the educational institutions in Bishkek, there is also boarding school No. 71, which educates a little more than 100-150 children left without parental care, and orphans from various regions of the country and Bishkek, together with city children from full-fledged families up to grade 9. In addition, there is a social house-a hostel designed for 64 children, in which 34 Bishkek graduates now temporarily (up to 23 years old) live. In Osh, graduates of orphanages are most often assigned to a boarding house «Boorukerdik» (designed for 25 children) or a family-type house «Altyn-Uya» (for 12 children). There are currently no available places in both boarding schools.

Most of the surveyed graduates of orphanages in Osh currently rent housing on their own, and every sixth lives in a friend’s house. Among the VDD of Bishkek, the share of renters was slightly less than a third of the respondents. Every fifth graduate currently lives in a relative’s house, or in a youth home. Slightly fewer of those who now live in a social dormitory or a vocational school dormitory (see diagram 5). Only three male graduates in the age category of 19-28 years, out of the total number of respondents currently have their own real estate.

Among the types of rented housing, a house in the private sector and an apartment in an apartment building prevail. Graduates in Bishkek most often rent a house in the private sector on the outskirts of the city, as it turns out to be much cheaper than renting a full-fledged apartment in the city. The number of people renting an apartment in an apartment building was only 4 respondents in Bishkek and 7 graduates in Osh. There are also those who share one room in an apartment with other tenants, rent a barrack-type apartment or a separate room in a house (see diagram 6).

The main share of rented housing falls on 1 or 2-room residential premises, and on the quadrature on 10-50 sq. m. (see Table 3). It should be noted that in cases where the total number of rooms reaches 6 rooms, respondents usually noted the total living area where they rent a room for housing.

Таблица 3. Количество жилых комнат и квадратура арендуемого жилья ВДД, №38
число жилых комнат	число ответов	жилплощадь	число ответов
1	13	До 10 кв. м	4
2	11	10 – 20 кв. м	12
3	4	20 – 30 кв. м	11
4	5	30 – 50 кв. м	9
5 и более	5	Более 50 кв. м	2

Rented housing for graduates of orphanages does not always have all the necessary infrastructure. From figure 7, it can be seen that with the exception of drinking water and electricity, most of the surveyed graduates have difficulties with access to gas, hot water, sewerage in the house and the Internet.

In general, 43% of graduates of orphanages, out of the total number of respondents, expressed dissatisfaction with the current housing conditions. Of these, respondents who rent housing expressed dissatisfaction much more often than those who are already provided with temporary or permanent housing (58% vs. 38%). Discontent was mainly caused by the high cost of rent (30.2%), lack of gas (32.6%), clean drinking water (25.6%), unsuitability of housing for living (11.6%) or small area of housing (11.6%).

Only 42% of graduates from among those who rent housing confirmed the existence of written contracts with the landlord. 58% of respondents answered in the negative. Of these, 55% of graduates still have an oral agreement with the landlord. It is important to highlight that only 5% of respondents living in Bishkek, out of the total number of all respondents, confirmed their knowledge of their rights to adequate housing (see figure 8). Accordingly, if accommodation is carried out without the conclusion of contracts provided for by housing legislation, such a circumstance cannot provide a guarantee of residence. This also suggests that graduates of orphanages are not only not protected from loss of housing in the event of termination of an oral contract by the landlord, but also do not generally have knowledge of guaranteed rights to adequate housing. This problem is directly related to the functional responsibilities of authorized residential institutions. Thus, due to the irresponsible attitude of the authorized bodies and the failure to receive full information about their rights, graduates of orphanages cannot enjoy their guaranteed rights to adequate housing.

For reference: It is important to note that after graduation from a boarding school (at 15-16 years old), children should immediately contact the district/city Department of Social Development regarding the fact of being in the queue for housing or land and at the same time take a certificate of priority in the housing queue. If a graduate of an orphanage after the age of 23 could not get on the waiting list for housing, then the protection of housing rights may come into force after applying to the court and the entry into force of a court decision on reinstatement in the housing queue. The rights of graduates of children’s boarding institutions from among orphans and children left without parental care in accordance with the Code «On Children of the Kyrgyz Republic»: • Children in all cases retain the right to the living space belonging to their parents. • Orphans at the age of 16, who do not have a living space for living, enjoy the right to receive an extraordinary living space on the right of use in accordance with the procedure established by law. • Children left without parental care, including orphans, cannot be evicted from the dwelling they occupy without providing other living quarters. • Orphans until they reach the age of 21, and in cases of full-time study at an educational institution — until graduation, must be provided with temporary social housing (dormitories). Out of turn, residential premises are provided to orphans and children left without parental care at the end of their stay in educational and other institutions, including social service institutions, foster families, family-type orphanages, upon termination of guardianship (guardianship). The procedure for registering citizens in the OMSU is carried out before graduation from the system of a children’s boarding institution, the head (director) of a children’s boarding institution forms a list of orphans and children left without parental care in need of housing, and sends it to the district department of social development at the last place of residence of the pupil. Further, the district/city department of social development at the last place of residence of a potential graduate of an orphanage, boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care, sends a petition to the MSA (in this case, to the Office of the Mayor of the cities): • about registration; • about obtaining residential premises that are in municipal ownership; • on the provision of urgent use of residential premises in municipal ownership; • on the allocation of land for individual housing construction.

According to the founder of the Children’s Rights Foundation, about 300-400 children from orphanages are released annually in the country. There is no data on the number of graduates of orphanages who really need housing space. Given that the vast majority of the VDD respondents do not know their rights to adequate housing, it can be said that they do not apply to the relevant authorities to exercise their rights. According to representatives of public organizations, the issue of providing (temporary) housing for graduates of orphanages is usually handled by non-governmental organizations at the expense of donors and concerned citizens. However, this assistance cannot cover and provide housing for all graduates of orphanages in the country, which is why they are at risk of becoming a victim of circumstances — to be marginalized, become homeless, join the ranks of crime, take on difficult work for the sake of a bed or lunch. According to non-governmental organizations, it is possible that if the MSA throughout the country allocated (to interested organizations) funds for repairs and a small budget for the maintenance of empty municipal buildings for housing for graduates of orphanages, this would help to some extent help solve the housing problems of orphans.

Currently, 89 orphaned children in Bishkek have been registered to receive housing out of turn. The total queue of those in need was formed in the 1980s and amounts to 3,276 people, including children left without parental care. In Osh, the number of orphans registered is 12 people. Since the independence of the country, housing has been allocated in Osh – 1 orphan child (2017) and in Bishkek – 7 orphans and those left without parental care (2020) who have reached the age of 18. Basically, these were apartments and living quarters from among the extortionate and orphan housing. Residential areas were granted for temporary use for a 10-year period with the conclusion of a property lease agreement. After a 10-year period, the property must be released and transferred to the UMI, and they then transfer the living space to the next citizens in line. The Housing Code also provides for the extension of the rental agreement, if residents of temporary property have not purchased their own housing in 10 years.

Persons with disabilities

Exactly 70% of LOVZ respondents live in rented housing. Among them, the overwhelming part is in Osh and a little less in Bishkek (see diagram 9). In total, 25.6% of the respondents LOVZ live at home with relatives or friends. Of the total number of respondents, only 14% live in unpaid housing, the remaining 86% of respondents currently pay for rental housing.

Types of rented housing have differences depending on the respondents’ city of residence. Among LOVZ in Osh, those who rent an apartment in an apartment building prevail, and among LOVZ in Bishkek, they rent a temporary house in the private sector more often and an apartment much less often. In addition to the above, among the respondents of both cities, there is almost an equal share of demand for renting a house in the private sector. This is most likely due to the low level of housing prices, as well as the conditions of convenience and the lack of need to climb stairs. Much less often, LOWZ rent barrack-type housing, a separate room, a basement or a dorm room (see diagram 10).

As can be seen from Table 4, the vast majority of the surveyed LOVZ rent one-room housing of a small quadrature, most often in the area of 10-50 sq. m.

Таблица 4. Количество жилых комнат и квадратура арендуемого жилья ЛОВЗ, №143
число жилых комнат	число ответов	жилплощадь	число ответов
1	96	До 10 кв. м	68
2	33	10 – 20 кв. м	33
3	14	20 – 30 кв. м	18
—	—	30 – 50 кв. м	22
—	—	Более 50 кв. м	2

The infrastructure of electricity and drinking water is most accessible in the rented housing of LOVZ. The least respondents have access to gas supply, hot water and heating of housing, the Internet. Significantly fewer LAN have access to a toilet inside the house, most noted that it is located on the street, or one shared toilet for several apartments (see diagram 11).

Only 8% of the total number of respondents are satisfied with the current living conditions. This applies to a greater extent to LOVZ from Osh (29%). While 91% of respondents, out of the total number of respondents expressed dissatisfaction. Of these, LOVZ in Bishkek – 100%, in Osh – 70.8% of respondents. The main share of those dissatisfied with housing conditions cited the need to pay high rent for housing as the reason (51%). Further, by a large margin, there are such reasons as the lack of heating, gas, unsuitability of housing for living and the remoteness of social facilities from the place of residence, which together do not exceed 21%.

According to the results of the study, only 5.6% of the respondents from the total number of tenants have a written lease/rental agreement with the landlord. The remaining 94.4% of respondents answered in the negative. Nevertheless, 89% of them noted the presence of an oral agreement. However, none of the respondents LOVZ does not know about their rights to adequate housing. According to public organizations dealing with the issues of low-income housing, they are not protected from loss of housing in the event of termination of an oral contract by the landlord, due to living without concluding contracts provided for by housing legislation. In addition, they usually do not know where to turn in such cases. At the same time, many landlords refuse LOVZ, seeing that they are disabled with children. The problem is also complicated by the fact that LOVZ do not apply to state and municipal authorities and cannot use their guaranteed rights to adequate housing due to elementary ignorance about it.

For reference: equal and non-discriminatory access to adequate housing is defined by Chapter 5 of the Housing Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, which provides criteria for determining persons in need of improving housing conditions, the order of priority and the procedure for providing residential premises owned by the state and municipal. According to article 44 of the Housing Code, the provision of housing for LOVZ is guaranteed as a matter of priority. In addition, the same chapter establishes requirements for residential premises that must comply with the rules of landscaping in relation to the conditions of this locality, meet the established sanitary and technical requirements. Like graduates of orphanages, LOVZ have the right to apply and receive a living space from the OMSU for temporary use in a 10-year period with the conclusion of a property lease agreement. After the expiration of the term, the property must be released and returned to the UMI, in order to transfer it to the next citizens in line. In addition, on March 14, 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which the country signed back in 2011. In particular, article 28 of the Convention provides for the provision by the State of an adequate standard of living and social protection. Thus, the Kyrgyz Republic recognizes the rights of persons with disabilities to social protection and to the enjoyment of this right without discrimination on the basis of disability, and takes appropriate measures to ensure and promote the realization of this right, including measures to ensure their access to public housing programs. Since the ratification of the document, Programs aimed at providing housing for low-income families have not yet been adopted. It is important to note that there is no data on the number of people in need of housing. At the same time, city social development departments do not keep records of the number of people in need of housing. According to the NSC, the number of LOVZ registered with the social protection authorities in 2019 in Bishkek amounted to 6370, in the city of Osh – 2935 people. According to the data of the USR at the Municipal Municipal Administration in 2020, the total number of registered labor unions in Bishkek was 7,600, in the city of Osh – 3,042 people. The number of LOVZ registered with the bodies of the social fund in Bishkek for 2019 is 10303, in the city of Osh – 4106 people. There are only 11 state inpatient institutions for the elderly and the elderly in the republic, in Bishkek there is 1 BSSU designed for 250 people and a day city Center for the elderly, which is visited by 100 people. Activities to provide children with social protection in Osh are carried out by 4 boarding institutions, in Bishkek – 6. In addition, non-governmental organizations work in cities, such as Amulet, Hand in Hand, Umut, ARDI, Meerim, SOS village–children, in Osh — Integration Fund, Grace, etc. However, none of these organizations can provide guarantees for adequate housing for LOWZ.

Unlike graduates of orphanages, the state has been building specialized housing for children in different years, both in Bishkek and Osh. In total, 4 houses were built in Bishkek for 225 apartments in 2008 and 1 house in Osh for 66 apartments in 2018. However, in both cases, the issue of apartments was opaque and was accompanied by violations, including the norms of the Housing Code. In this regard, 75 apartments in Bishkek and almost 40 apartments in Osh were distributed to outsiders who did not meet the requirements for the issuance of living space. Moreover, the apartments issued in Bishkek have been privatized and cannot be further transferred for temporary use to other people in need.

Article 11 of the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On Patronage and Charitable Activities» allows developers to be exempted from paying up to 2% of taxes on the cost of the entire construction budget in the case of issuing an apartment for vulnerable people like LOVZ and orphans to charity. According to representatives of public organizations, given the high level of construction in the cities of Bishkek and Osh, such a solution would make it possible to annually meet the housing needs of a large number of vulnerable people. However, private real estate developers have so far refused to provide housing for charity to vulnerable groups of people.

Representatives of public organizations dealing with LOVZ issues note that providing housing for LOVZ is a big problem. Given their limited health opportunities, the need for constant maintenance and small amounts of benefits and pensions, it is very difficult to provide themselves with housing on their own, not to mention providing adequate nutrition, education or rehabilitation. Difficulties are also caused by their employment in order to be able to earn enough and at least generally participate in state mortgage programs. In which, among the main requirements, it is necessary to have a stable income and be an employee of state or municipal institutions.

According to Articles 314, 315 of the Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, the state employment service bodies, with the participation of public organizations, develop, and the OMSU and local state administrations approve standards for quotas of jobs for LOVZ in the amount of at least 5% of the number of employees (if the number of employees is at least 20 people). At the same time, employers are obliged to create, at the expense of the established quota, jobs for the employment of LOVZ. In fact, this is an effective measure to provide LOVZ with their own earnings through employment, but also to solve housing problems. In 2019 a quota for 615 jobs in the republic was approved. Of these, there are 143 in Bishkek, and 20 jobs in Osh. However, not all the quota jobs provided by organizations and institutions are employed by the unemployed LOVZ. This is largely due to the low number of people applying to the territorial employment promotion departments, the lack of quotas suitable for their profession at enterprises, and the low amount of wages for working professions. Thus, the effect of the work carried out by the authorized bodies is still insignificant and does not contribute to sufficient earnings and participation of LOWZ in state mortgage programs.

In 2019, the GIC built 2 houses in Bishkek and Naryn, each with 120 apartments. In this house, within the framework of the mechanism of support for socially vulnerable groups of the population, housing was also provided to three LOVZ without the participation of commercial banks, directly by a mortgage company. According to representatives of the state mortgage company, the GIC was considering a mechanism for issuing state mortgages for LOWZ on preferential terms. In this connection, earlier the GIC applied to the Ministry of Social Development for detailed information on the number of people in need of housing, and the definition of data related to categories of housing. However, the relevant statistics have not been received from the Ministry, which may be due to its absence. On the other hand, to support affordable housing, LOVZ needs funds provided free of charge. If resources are available, the development and implementation of such a mechanism will not be difficult. According to the specialist of the GIC, they annually apply to the Ministry of Finance to account for the state financing of housing for LOVZ. But due to the limited budget, there has not been a positive result yet.

For reference: in accordance with Article 46 of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, everyone has the right to housing. State and local self-government bodies encourage and create conditions for the realization of the right to housing for all categories of citizens. Housing for the poor and other needy persons is provided free of charge or for an affordable fee from state, municipal and other housing funds or in social institutions on the grounds and in accordance with the procedure provided by law. In order to ensure the realization of citizens’ rights enshrined in the Constitution, various housing programs are being developed and implemented by State bodies. In accordance with Article 10 of the Housing Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of housing relations, social protection of citizens and the approval of programs to stimulate housing construction falls within the competence of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. Currently, the Government has developed the housing program «My House» for 2021-2026, which is a continuation of the program «Affordable Housing» for 2016-2020. The main goal of the «My House» program is to provide affordable housing for citizens of the country. For the purchase of housing, the main source of funds, as follows from the program, should be the income of citizens, as well as the funds of financial and credit institutions. However, socially vulnerable categories of citizens with low incomes are not covered by this program. Thus, vulnerable parts of the population in need of housing are deprived of the opportunity to participate in these programs. In order to solve this problem, at the initiative of non-governmental organizations, a draft Law «On social housing» was developed and submitted to the Government. The key role in this draft Law is assigned to the Housing Development Fund, which will have to deal with: • taking into account vulnerable groups of the population by category; • the search for resources and the construction/acquisition of social housing adapted for vulnerable groups of the population; and • proper provision of the order of issue of housing for rent for 10 years. In addition, the state is offered to rent private housing for 10 years as social housing for vulnerable categories of citizens, with the possibility of further extension. However, the draft Law has not yet been considered by the State authorities.

In general, the absolute majority of respondents from the target group, except for LVIK, do not know any public housing programs (see figure 12). Among those who responded positively, the Housing Law, the Code on Children, appeals to state and municipal authorities for housing were most often heard. And only one male graduate of the orphanage interviewed indicated that he had received an apartment in Bishkek.

The level of participation of the target group in the discussions of housing programs is insignificant. The lowest level of participation is noted among LOVZ, only 2.3% of respondents responded positively. Participation in discussions of housing programs among graduates of orphanages in Bishkek is much higher – 19.5% of respondents confirmed their participation. Among the graduates from Osh, all answered in the negative. The participation rate among people who have taken out a mortgage loan is slightly higher. In Osh, 20% and 10.5% of respondents in Bishkek participated in discussions of housing state programs.

As can be seen from figure 13, most of the respondents from the LOVZ and VDD do not take any action to improve their living conditions. However, unlike LOVZ, the proportion of graduates of orphanages collecting money for the purchase of housing or land is significantly higher. Especially among graduates in Osh. Among the LOVZ there are more of those who are in queues to receive social housing from local authorities. A large proportion of those who found it difficult to answer this question stands out, which is most likely due to age and ignorance, uncertainty of their situation how to improve housing conditions (see diagram 13).

Persons who have taken out a mortgage loan

Only 7.5% of respondents, mostly living in Osh, have a positive opinion about the possibility of purchasing housing without a mortgage. Of the total number of respondents who took out a mortgage loan, 84% are sure that it is impossible to purchase housing in Kyrgyzstan without a mortgage loan. Low wages and incomes, as well as the lack of family savings budgets to make at least a down payment for housing are the main obstacles to purchasing housing without mortgage loans (see chart 14).

Among the main reasons for respondents to apply to the GIC, low interest rates prevail. Unlike respondents from Bishkek, Osh was twice as likely to name this reason. Much less often there were reasons related to the possibility of paying off a mortgage loan for longer, choosing ready-made housing, or for individual construction. The least respondents cited as a reason the need to make their own contribution lower than in private construction companies (see chart 15).

Among the types of mortgage loans purchased by the GIC, the most widespread mechanism was the «purchase of ready-made housing», 66% of the surveyed residents in Osh and 21% in Bishkek used it. In addition, mortgage loans from a commercial bank are also common among Bishkek residents (21%), and mortgage loans from the housing development fund of the City Hall (12%) are common among Osh residents. The mechanisms of «individual housing construction» and «affordable mortgage» were in demand much less among the respondents of this survey (see chart 16).

For reference: according to the GIC, from 2016 to 2020, a total of 5088 mortgage loans worth more than 6 billion were issued for the purchase of housing in all regions of the country. com (see table 20 in the appendix). Of the total number of mortgage loans issued, 1948 (38%) were issued for Bishkek, 597 (12%) loans were issued for Osh. In total, 53% of mortgage loans issued were sent to Bishkek and 12% to Osh. At the moment, 7,000 people are waiting for financing of state mortgage lending, the list is updated monthly by 300-400 people. But at the same time, the budget includes only 500 million soms for 2021. Presumably this amount will be enough to support 50 credits. Until 2020 , the state mortgage was issued by the GIC using the following conditions : • The first mechanism is the «Purchase of ready–made housing». The repayment period is 15 years, at 6-9% depending on the initial payment (10-30% of the cost of housing). The maximum amount is 3 million soms. Own contribution – at least 10%. • The second mechanism is «Individual housing construction». The repayment period is 15 years, the maximum amount is 3 million soms, the own contribution is 20% of the estimate. The construction period should not exceed one and a half years. The rate is 11% during construction and 7% after the construction of housing. Both mechanisms are included in the «Preferential mortgage» direction, they can only be used by employees of budget organizations. • The third mechanism is called the same as the first («Purchase of ready-made housing»), but is included in the direction of «Affordable mortgage». It can be used by both employees of budget organizations and persons working in the private sector. The maximum amount is 3 million soms at 14%. The maturity is 15 years. Own contribution – at least 20% of the cost of the purchased housing. According to the GIC, starting from 2021, interest rates will be reduced to 4% under the new housing program «My House» for 2021-2026 and a mechanism for renting housing with subsequent redemption will be introduced. In addition, it is planned to introduce a support mechanism for low-income housing, with the possibility of fully financing the purchase of housing free of charge, or covering 50% of the total amount. The issuance of mortgage loans from the Housing Development Fund of the Osh City Hall is carried out on the basis of the Resolution of the Osh City Kenesh of November 19, 2014 No. 230 on the approval of the Regulation «On the allocation of housing on the terms of mortgage lending in the city of Osh». According to the Osh City Hall, municipal mortgage loans were issued to 402 citizens of the city. Of these, 369 are employees of budget organizations, and 33 are private companies. In 2020, MIP Osh received 7,600 applications, 60 of them from LOWZ and other vulnerable categories. In total, 16 applications for vulnerable persons who meet the criteria of the Housing Code for housing issuance were positively reviewed.

The level of satisfaction with the state’s activities to solve housing problems differs among people who have received mortgage loans depending on the city of residence. Thus, Osh respondents were much more likely to note that they were satisfied with the work of the state in solving housing problems. While among the residents of Bishkek, dissatisfaction was most noted (see diagram 17).

98% of the respondents who have taken out a mortgage loan currently live in purchased housing. The majority of respondents in both cities purchased an apartment in an apartment building. A house in the private sector is less in demand among people who purchase housing with a mortgage. But more among respondents from Osh. The number of those who purchase temporary housing in the private sector under a mortgage is insignificant.

The terms of the purchased housing in the mortgage have differences depending on the city of residence. Thus, the overwhelming majority of respondents in Bishkek took out a mortgage loan for a period of 5 to 10 years. While respondents in Osh prefer longer terms and more often take out a mortgage loan for a period of 11 to 15 years (see Table 5).

Таблица 5. Виды жилья и сроки приобретенной ипотеки, №107
Вид жилья	Бишкек	Ош
квартира в многоквартирном доме	81,3%	66,7%
дом в частном секторе	13,1%	24,6%
времянка в частном секторе	1,9%	3,5%
нет ответа	—	5,3%
Сроки	Бишкек	Ош
5-10 лет	78,9%	16%
11-15 лет	19,3%	80%
16-25 лет	—	4%
ЗО/НО	1,8%	—

More than 40% of respondents in both cities purchased housing with a mortgage loan at a cost of up to 2 million SOM. Every third respondent from Osh purchased housing at a cost of 2-3 million SOM, and every sixth from 3-4 million som. An almost equal share among Bishkek respondents who bought housing with a mortgage at a cost of up to 3 million SOM or up to 4 million SOM (see chart 18).

More than 60% of respondents who have taken out a mortgage loan, both cities are satisfied with their current housing conditions. 33% of respondents from Bishkek and 20% from Osh expressed dissatisfaction. The main share of discontent is caused by the remoteness of social facilities from the place of residence, and in a slightly smaller proportion by the lack of gas, heating and Internet.

If there are problems related to contractual mortgage relations, the majority of persons interviewed in Osh who have taken out a mortgage loan turn to the lawyers of the GIC. The proportion of respondents in Osh turning to lawyers and public organizations for legal advice and protection is significantly lower. However, unlike the respondents in Osh, the majority of respondents in Bishkek do not apply anywhere in case of any mortgage problems. The share of those who seek legal advice and protection was less than 16% (see figure 19).

CHAPTER III. FINANCIAL SITUATION

The economic situation of vulnerable categories of people is a central aspect in ensuring and maintaining conditions for adequate housing and access to public services. This section examines the current economic situation of the target group in the period after the transfer of quarantine measures.

Unlike the rest of the target group, homeless people do not have a permanent income, and therefore, the study examined only the issue of sources of daily income and their size. The main sources of income for homeless people in both cities are one-time part-time work, collection and delivery of glass or metal, as well as begging. Unlike the homeless in Osh, there are also those in Bishkek who receive pensions and disability benefits. For those who have some kind of permanent job, it is noted in an insignificant proportion among the homeless from Osh (see diagram 20). The total amount of daily income varies from 50 to 300 som, i.e. from 3000-9000 SOM per month. .

Depending on the target group, the sources of income also differ. In accordance with the terms of mortgage lending, the absolute majority of respondents who have taken out a mortgage loan have a job and a salary. However, there were also those who have income only from entrepreneurship – 6% of the total number of respondents. As the survey results show, in order to pay for a mortgage loan, the vast majority of respondents, in addition to work, are still engaged in part-time work or entrepreneurship. This applies to Bishkek to a greater extent, while respondents in Osh is more often managed by one salary. Despite the fact that mortgage housing in both cities is almost the same, this may be due to higher prices and living standards in the capital.

For graduates of orphanages, the main sources of income are wages and temporary part-time jobs. In addition, unlike respondents from Osh, scholarships, allowances and sponsorship were more often allocated in Bishkek. For LOVZ, the main source of income is disability benefits. According to the data of public organizations dealing with the issues of disability, the amount of disability benefits is about 3,000 SOM per month. It is worth noting that not all respondents of LOVZ receive this benefit. It is much less common for those who are financially supported by relatives to receive a salary or have additional income from some part-time job (see Table 6).

Таблица 6. Источники доходов целевой группы, №386
	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ, №172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Заработная плата	32,2%	60%	3,2%	14,6%	89,5%	100%
Спонсорская помощь	9,2%	—	—	—	—	2%
Доход от подработки	28,7%	30%	0,8%	14,6%	80,7%	18%
Стипендия	12,6%	5%	—	—	—	—
Пособие на ребенка	4,6%	10%	6,5%	10,4%	3,5%	6%
Пособие по инвалидности	3,4%	—	75,8%	72,9%	1,8%	—
Предпринимательство	2,3%	—	—	—	49,1%	6%
Нет источника заработка	8%	—	—	—	—	—
Финансовая помощь от родственников	—	—	—	12,5%	—	—
Нет ответа	6,9%	5%	0,8%	—	—	—

As can be seen from diagrams 21 and 22, the monthly total income of the target group is mainly in the amount of 5,000 to 15,000 SOM. Significant differences in income are noted not only by the target group, but also by the city of residence. The income of graduates in Bishkek in most cases is up to 3,000 soms, while among graduates in Osh the total amount was from 5,000 to 12,000 soms. The income of the LOVZ in Bishkek varies from 7000-12000 SOM, and the LOVZ in Osh from 5000-10000 som. The incomes of the majority of mortgage payers are almost the same in both cities, and range from 17,000 to 30,000 SOM.

The structure of basic expenses is different for each target group. Unlike graduates of orphanages and LOVZ, monthly mortgage payments on the loan must be made to all persons who have taken out a mortgage loan. The rent is paid by 85% of LOVZ and 37% of graduates. In addition, the structure of mandatory monthly expenses also includes expenses for food, transportation, Internet and mobile communications, purchase of clothing, as well as expenses for hygiene products and household chemicals. The respondents had the least expenses for children’s education and office supplies (see chart 23).

Currently, not all respondents of the target group have the opportunity to pay rent/mortgage for housing. The overwhelming majority of graduates of orphanages noted the lack of opportunities to rent or pay rent. More than half of the graduates surveyed in Osh pay rent by borrowing money. Among graduates in Bishkek, there were not significantly such (9%), they rely a little more on the help of charitable organizations (17%).

Unlike graduates of orphanages, the share of low-income families who have the opportunity to rent housing is slightly higher, in particular among respondents in Osh (see diagram 24). Nevertheless, the total share of those who cannot afford to rent a house is quite large. At the moment, 73% of LOVZ in Bishkek and 52% in Osh borrow money to pay for rental housing. Positive responses were mostly received only from people who took out a mortgage loan. However, among them there are also those who are experiencing difficulties with mortgage payments. Many of them are currently paying a mortgage loan, partially borrowing money (Bishkek – 84%; Osh – 58%).

CHAPTER IV. THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

The coronavirus pandemic has changed the lives of Kyrgyzstanis and led to negative consequences in almost all sectors of the economy. As a result of the introduction of an emergency/emergency to prevent the spread of the coronavirus epidemic, economic activity in Kyrgyzstan sharply slowed down by more than 80%, which led to a reduction in GDP by 8.6%. More than 113.7 thousand business entities throughout the republic were forced to close due to the introduction of emergency and state of emergency regimes. This put pressure on the labor market, which negatively affected the employment of the population. According to the Ministry of Finance, more than 700,000 people have been released from the labor market. This, in turn, had a negative impact on the labor income of the population, which is the main factor in maintaining the standard of living and ensuring adequate housing for those who rent housing or pay a mortgage loan. According to a preliminary analysis by the World Bank, the scale of this crisis is comparable to the socio-economic cataclysm that occurred after the collapse of the USSR 30 years ago.

The impact of the pandemic on income and housing issues

This section presents issues related to the impact of measures taken as part of the declaration of an emergency/state of emergency since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020. To a greater extent, the issues related to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the financial and housing sector of the study target group are touched upon. Where they applied and what kind of help they received, what kind of help they need and expectations at the moment. Given the different living conditions of homeless people, some research questions, as in the previous chapters, had differences from the rest of the survey target group.

Persons without a fixed place of residence

The deterioration of the situation during the introduction of restrictions on movement due to the state of emergency was confirmed by the overwhelming majority of the surveyed homeless people in both cities (on average 87%). The share of those who denied the deterioration is slightly higher among the respondents of Osh than Bishkek (19% vs. 11%). Half of the respondents surveyed in both cities note the reduction of funds for the purchase of food. Every third respondent in Bishkek mentioned the deterioration of health after an illness, resulting in a reduction in daily income and lack of opportunity to purchase medicines. And every fifth bottomless person in Osh spoke about detentions in emergency/state of emergency conditions and, as a result, the loss of sources for earnings. Exactly 8% of respondents in both cities were persecuted by the police. In addition, among the respondents were those who were evicted due to non-payment of housing, due to loss of earnings (see chart 25).

Most of the respondents surveyed continued to live where they had lived before. Every third homeless person from Bishkek and only 8% of homeless people in Osh were placed in a shelter. Only 8% of the homeless in Bishkek were also isolated in the quarantine room. The police, ambulance and volunteers prevented them from isolating them. There were no specially isolated respondents living in Osh (see diagram 26).

In general, not all respondents during the introduction of restrictions on movement due to the pandemic had access to permanent accommodation, food, the opportunity to wash and medical care. Only 19% of respondents from Bishkek and 3% from Osh received access to permanent overnight accommodation. Only 11% of the homeless in Bishkek and 2% from Osh had the opportunity to wash. The food situation is slightly better, 24% of the surveyed homeless people from Bishkek and 15% from Osh received regular meals.

Graduates of orphanages, persons with disabilities and persons who have taken out a mortgage loan

As can be seen from figure 27, the overwhelming majority of respondents surveyed noted the negative impact of the pandemic on the incomes of the target group. The respondents from Bishkek who have a mortgage loan and a LOWZ noted the most negative impact of the pandemic. The absence of the impact of the pandemic on incomes was noted a little more than others by graduates of an orphanage in both cities and citizens who took out a mortgage in Osh.

In general, most of the study participants mentioned a reduction or loss of wages, as well as loss of income from part-time work. Graduates of orphanages and people who took out a mortgage loan faced this most of all. A little less than the others talked about it LOVZ. However, most LOVZ in Bishkek noted the non-receipt of disability pensions during the pandemic. In addition, the respondents who took out a mortgage loan were much more likely than the rest to report cuts or job losses. Because of this, they have reduced financial resources for the purchase of food and utilities for housing. This may also be the reason for mortgage repayments, people were forced to borrow money (see Table 7).

According to the representative of the MIP in Osh, about 10% of applicants who received a mortgage loan lost their ability to pay. Certain difficulties still arise among the population of Osh in connection with the current situation due to the coronavirus. Some citizens have not been able to restore the previous level of income to make timely payments. In order not to lose their housing, they are forced to borrow money. In contrast, the representative of the GIC in Bishkek notes that the pandemic has not affected people’s ability to pay. All mortgage loan recipients were granted a deferral of payments from 3-6 months without the requirements of fines or penalties. At the same time, the demand for mortgage loans increased at the same pace as before the pandemic.

Таблица 7. Как пандемия повлияла на доходы целевой группы, №331, в номинальных числах
	ВДД, №85	ЛОВЗ, №153	ЛВИК, №93
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Сокращение или потеря полной заработной платы	35	10	15	7	43	27
Потерял доходы от подработки	29	6	22	21	35	17
Потерял пенсию по инвалидности	1	—	79	2	—	—
Сокращение/потеря работы	—	—	—	—	12	16
Потерял доходы от предпринимательской деятельности/банкротство	—	—	1	1	5	5
Потерял спонсорскую помощь от благотворительных организаций / людей	4	—	11	4	—	—
Сокращение стипендии	8	—	—	—	—	1
Сокращение пенсий, пособий по инвалидности/ на ребенка	—	—	3	—	1	1

In addition to the respondents’ incomes, the pandemic also had a negative impact on the housing conditions of graduates of orphanages and orphanages. Unlike graduates of orphanages, LOVZ mentioned the negative impact of the pandemic on housing conditions much more often. In particular, the vast majority of LOVZ are from Bishkek and more than half of the respondents are from Osh. As a result, a large number of LOVZ and some graduates of orphanages noted the loss of opportunities to pay for utilities, increase the cost of rent for housing, and in some cases eviction for non-payment. Thus, out of the total number of respondents — 3 LOVZ in Osh and 49 in Bishkek, as well as 1 graduate in Osh and 7 graduates in Bishkek were evicted from rented housing for non-payment. In comparison with LOVZ, positive opinions prevail among graduates of orphanages that the coronavirus has not affected their living conditions in any way (see diagram 28).

Not all respondents from the target group managed to solve the housing problems themselves. 70% of respondents from Osh who took out a mortgage and more than half of the surveyed graduates of orphanages answered the question positively. Negative responses prevail among LVIK and LOVZ living in Bishkek (see diagram 29).

Most of the graduates of orphanages in both cities did not apply for help with housing during the pandemic. The proportion of appeals to shelters, to relatives or acquaintances, or to social protection centers was insignificant. Unlike graduates, appeals for help with housing problems in NGOs and to relatives prevail among LOWZ, mainly among respondents in Bishkek. More than half of the respondents who took out a mortgage loan in both cities also did not apply anywhere. However, another part of the LVIK applied for help to social protection centers, as well as to relatives and acquaintances in Bishkek and the Osh City Hall. It is worth noting that LOVZ and LVIK from Osh most often did not go anywhere with a housing problem during the pandemic. During the quarantine measures, homeless people also applied to various organizations for help with housing. Most of all such appeals were to shelters and social protection centers in Bishkek. Homeless people in Osh, for the most part, did not apply anywhere (see table 21 in the appendix).

Figure 30 clearly reflects the lack of knowledge of their rights by the target group, where to turn in case of eviction from housing. And this is the main reason why respondents do not turn anywhere when they have problems with housing. Compared to others, respondents with a mortgage are a little more aware of where to go if their housing rights are violated. Mainly, they believe that it is necessary to contact a lawyer or a judge with a housing issue, and in rare cases to the GIC and the mayor’s office. Whereas graduates of orphanages noted social protection centers more.

Social and material assistance during the pandemic

Since the announcement of the emergency/state of emergency, municipal authorities have provided social and material assistance to the population of Bishkek and Osh in the form of food packages, hot meals and providing homeless people with temporary overnight accommodation, in addition to providing targeted social assistance to those in need. According to the USR, in Bishkek, targeted assistance was provided to 159 thousand people in the amount of 170.0 million SOM, including assistance to those who found themselves in a difficult life situation during the quarantine period. Of these, Arab foundations supported 17,233 families. In 2020 the volume of expenditures on targeted assistance to those in need was increased by 2 times at the expense of the state budget. The local budget received 64.0 million soms to provide humanitarian assistance to low–income families during an emergency. In 2019, assistance was provided to 82 thousand people in need, in the amount of 66.0 million SOM. Thus, in 2020, the city’s budget expenditures on social protection increased by 114.9% of the approved amount.

In Osh, the total amount of costs in 2020 amounted to 1.5 million SOM. The following assistance was provided to those in need: food packages of 500 soms to 1000 families; a liter of oil for 10 thousand low-income families; as well as temporary accommodation and meals for the homeless during an emergency / emergency and the winter period in the shelter of the «Musaada» with the purchase of personal hygiene items. The Osh city budget for social protection was reduced by 93.4% of the approved amount and increased towards the maintenance of housing and communal services (140.1%) and economic issues (126.4%).

It is well known that huge assistance to those in need throughout the country was provided by private donations from citizens, local businesses and the Kyrgyz diaspora around the world. The mobilization of civil society to help all those in need has become an example for the entire Central Asian region . Nevertheless, the crisis that occurred after the lifting of emergency restrictions affected the multiple deterioration of not only the financial, but also the social condition of the population in both cities. People needed psychological, social and material assistance.

According to the results of the study, it can be seen that, with the exception of LOVZ, most of the respondents from the surveyed target groups did not receive any assistance. The rest of the respondents mostly received food or hot food. In addition, homeless people often noted that they were provided with overnight accommodation, medical care, as well as clothing and shoes. Medical, psychological and legal assistance was also provided for the LOVZ in Bishkek. It should also be noted that in Osh, mortgage interest rates were reduced for some LVICS. For other types of assistance, the proportion of respondents is not significant (see table 8). Excluding persons who received a mortgage, all other respondents who received assistance during an emergency /emergency, most often noted assistance from volunteers, as well as social protection centers. LVIK and LOVZ in Osh mainly received assistance from the city hall. Many respondents in most cases did not know from whom they received help.

Таблица 8. Какую получили помощь во время пандемии, №508, в номинальных числах
	БОМЖи,№122	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ,№172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Не получал никакой помощи	30	22	38	9	9	2	49	25
Продукты/Горячее питание	49	9	39	9	106	42	8	22
Ночлег/место для самоизоляции	20	—	5	—	—	—	—	—
Медпомощь, обследование	14	1	6	1	51	1	1	—
Средства для гигиены	13	2	10		21	8	1	1
Одежду, обувь	17	1	—	—	—	—	—	—
Юридическую помощь	—	—	2	—	58	—	—	—
Психологическую помощь	—	—	1	—	57	—	—	—
Возможность помыться в бане/душе	11	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Снижение процентной ставки по ипотеке	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4

According to the survey results, you can see a high proportion of dissatisfaction with the current living conditions that the target group leads. The highest proportion of those dissatisfied with living conditions is noted among homeless people, low-income workers and people who have taken out a mortgage loan. The opinions of graduates of orphanages were divided almost equally between those who are satisfied with the current living conditions and those who are not satisfied. In general, respondents in Osh expressed slightly more satisfaction than respondents in Bishkek (see chart 31).

Figure 32 presents an assessment of respondents’ current sense of self and confidence in the future. Calmness and confidence were expressed mainly only by graduates of orphanages. Moreover, among the respondents in Bishkek, one in three. However, they are less hopeful than all other respondents. With the exception of those who have taken out a mortgage in Osh, for all other respondents there is a high proportion of those who are hopeful about tomorrow. Half of the respondents from Osh expressed indifference towards the future. A feeling of insecurity and anxiety is noted among the majority of LOVZ in Bishkek. Tomorrow causes fear and anxiety for a little more than a third of the LVIC in Bishkek, which is undoubtedly due to the need to make timely mortgage payments in a situation of limited income. Exactly one third of graduates of orphanages in Bishkek do not feel any feelings.

Currently, respondents most of all need not only monthly benefits, employment, legal and psychological assistance, but also state assistance in solving their housing issues. Table 9 reflects particularly frequent opinions about what kind of help the target group of the study is waiting for. Most of all, respondents noted the provision of permanent housing for vulnerable categories of people. Financial assistance on a monthly basis as compensation payments or financial assistance in improving current housing conditions are also relevant for vulnerable people in need. For those who would like to get at least temporary housing is very low, as it does not cause anxiety and uncertainty of people in the future.

Таблица 9. Ожидаемая помощь государства в решении жилищных проблем, №508
	БОМЖи,№122	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ,№172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Материальной помощи от государства, в виде ежемесячных финансовых (компенсационных) выплат, пособий и т.п.	95,3%	29,7%	17,2%	—	92,7%	25%	93%	44%
Постоянное жилье от государства	92,9%	51,4%	42,5%	70%	98,4%	87,5%	22,8%	4%
Финансовой помощи от государства для улучшения жилищных условий	98,8%	56,8%	12,6%	15%	95,2%	37,5%	47,4%	6%
Временном жилье от государства (пока не приобрету собственное/ пока дети не достигнут совершеннолетия)	9,4%	27%	9,2%	—	—	—	—	6%
Помощь не жду	—	21,6%	23%	25%	—	4,2%	3,5%	44%

Recommendations

Government of the Kyrgyz Republic

1. Adopt policies aimed at realizing the rights to adequate housing for vulnerable groups of the population, move away from mortgage lending, which is inaccessible to this category of citizens. In this regard, consider in the state program of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic «My House» for 2021-2026 the construction of social housing, taking into account different ways of acquiring apartments by needy citizens, reducing their cost in the real estate market. Or develop and adopt a new state program on affordable housing, with an emphasis on providing support for the construction of social housing, taking into account the specifics and ensuring the socialization of vulnerable categories of citizens.

2. To include support mechanisms for graduates of orphanages and orphanages with the possibility of fully financing the purchase of housing free of charge, or covering 50% of the total amount in the state housing program of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic «My House» for 2021-2026.

3. To support the project of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on 3-year social support for pupils of boarding-type orphanages after graduation from the orphanage with the provision of temporary housing.

OMSU of Bishkek and Osh cities

4. The local councils of the two cities should consider the possibility of allocating housing for vulnerable categories of the population on the terms of partial or concessional financing of the purchase of housing from urban housing development funds.

5. To allocate a budget to the local Kenesh of Osh and create a municipal inpatient institution for the rehabilitation of persons without a fixed place of residence and meeting the requirements of the right to adequate housing, taking into account social reintegration services (psychologist, restoration of documents, etc.) and their year-round support, and not only in winter.

6. The local councils of the two cities, for the period until the end of the pandemic, to consider and implement on a pilot basis an analogue of an unconditional basic income for people in difficult life situations in an amount sufficient to cover basic needs, including for the realization of the right to housing.

7. Bishkek City Hall to consider increasing the number of reception places of municipal inpatient institutions for the rehabilitation of persons without a fixed place of residence with a longer period of detention.

8. Mayors of cities should consider the possibility of allocating to interested organizations dealing with the issues of graduates of orphanages, empty municipal buildings for the equipment of temporary housing and accompanying children to acquire a profession and opportunities for earning and self-realization.

9. City mayors should consider and take measures to allocate plots of land to private developers on preferential terms, or exemption from taxes with clear conditions for transferring 10% of the built housing to the municipality after completion of construction for distribution among vulnerable people in need of housing. Given the high level of construction of apartment buildings, this measure will ensure that every year to a certain extent graduates of orphanages and LOVZ will be covered with housing.

10. City mayors should introduce simplified mechanisms for applying for social assistance (including online) to people in difficult life situations.

11. It is necessary to create a unified database of homeless people, graduates of orphanages and orphanages in need of housing, with the provision of support and annual monitoring of these categories of sufficient housing. This will help to monitor the overall situation of providing the target group with adequate housing and take timely measures to address housing issues of vulnerable categories of citizens, taking into account various shocks and the economic crisis that followed as a result of the pandemic. Oblige the USR of the two cities to register them together with the management of organizations (of all forms of ownership) where the listed vulnerable categories of citizens in need of housing temporarily reside.

12. Oblige the USR of the two cities, boarding educational institutions and organizations (of all forms of ownership) dealing with issues of low-income housing, graduates of orphanages and homeless people to inform vulnerable groups of the population about the rights to adequate housing, ensuring the provision of legal advice on housing issues.

Таблица 10. Половозрастные показатели (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	возраст	пол
До 18 лет	19-28 лет	29-40 лет	41-50 лет	51-63 лет	64+ лет	Муж	Жен
БОМЖи	—	—	1	—	19	13	30	17	20	7	15	—	60	32	25	5
Выпускники детских домов	38	—	39	19	10	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	44	16	43	6
ЛОВЗ	1	—	27	12	45	15	18	7	30	13	3	1	60	22	64	26
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	—	—	3	34	31	14	19	2	4	—	—	—	20	11	37	39

Таблица 11. Национальность (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	кыргыз	русский	узбек	другие
БОМЖи	52	20	24	8	2	1	7	8
Выпускники детских домов	30	6	41	8	4	3	12	3
ЛОВЗ	102	33	8	—	10	11	4	4
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	52	45	2	1	3	4	—	—

Таблица 12. Образование (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	начальное/незаконченное среднее	среднее	среднее специальное (профессиональное)	незаконченное высшее	высшее	нет ответа
БОМЖи	9	1	46	22	22	10	1	—	7	4	—
Выпускники детских домов	10	—	44	10	17	9	6	1	7	—	3
ЛОВЗ	2	12	110	15	9	15	—	2	3	4	—
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	—	1	2	—	16	—	5	2	34	47	—

Таблица 13. Семейное положение (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	не замужем/ не женат	замужем/женат	разведен/-на	вдова/ вдовец	пребываю в гражданском браке	нет ответа
БОМЖи	35	3	2	3	40	19	6	2	2	—	—
Выпускники детских домов	68	15	12	3	—	1	—	1	3	—	4
ЛОВЗ	19	11	69	24	16	8	19	3	1	2	—
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	7	6	37	38	11	4	2	2	—	—	—

Таблица 15. Наличие документов удостоверяющих личность БОМЖей
	Все, №122	Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37
Есть	89	70	19
Нет	33	15	18

Таблица 16. Давность бездомного образа жизни БОМЖей
Период	Все, №122	Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37
до 6 месяцев	5	—	5
от 6 месяцев до 1 года	8	3	5
от 1 года до 3 лет	32	23	9
от 3 до 5 лет	26	21	5
от 5 до 10 лет	28	21	7
больше 10 лет	18	15	3
ЗО/НО	5	2	3

Таблица 17. Количество сирот среди выпускников детских домов
	Все, №107	Бишкек, №87	Ош, №20
Полные сироты	66	54	12
Наличие родителей	41	33	8
Из них: есть мать	24	18	6
Есть отец	6	4	2
Оба родителя	11	11	—

Таблица 19. Действующие приюты для бездомных в городах Бишкек и Ош
МУ «Коломто», рассчитан на 70 лиц. Находится на территории Первомайского района г. Бишкек по адресу: пр. Жибек-Жолу, 413	Круглый год оказывает помощь и поддержку лицам без определенного место жительства, оказавшимся в трудной жизненной ситуации, в виде предоставления временного ночлега, обеспечения горячим питанием, медосмотром, первичной санитарной обработки (душ, прачечная), гуманитарной одеждой.
Убежище временного содержания (в зимний сезон), рассчитан на 50 лиц. Находится в Бишкеке в микрорайоне №12 по ул. А. Токомбаева, в здании комбината благоустройства.	Созданы условия для жилья, постояльцам предоставляется ежедневное одноразовое горячее питание, оказывается медицинская помощь.
Дом для временного (в зимний сезон) пребывания лиц без определённого места жительства, рассчитан на 40 человек. Он расположен на территории бывшего комбината благоустройства, в Свердловском районе г. Бишкек, по адресу: ул. Фере, 34А.	Созданы условия для жилья, постояльцам предоставляется ежедневное одноразовое горячее питание.
Приют для бездомных женщин с детьми ОФ «Центр милосердия», рассчитан на 35 женщин и 15 детей. Центр находится, в г. Бишкек при Ленинском акимиате по адресу: ул. Трудовая, 10.	Предоставляется одноразовое горячее питание, ночлег, медикаментозная и социально-правовая помощь.
ОФ «Мусаада» для временного размещения (в зимний сезон) лиц без определённого места жительства, рассчитан на 15 человек. Находится в г. Ош по адресу: ул. Атабаева, 3а	Люди могут получить ночлег, комплексное питание один раз в день, также могут помыться и пройти медицинский осмотр.

Таблица 20. Количество и сумма кредитов, выданных ГИК на приобретение жилья[1]
Годы	2016 год	2017 год	2018 год	2019 год	2020 год	Всего
Регионы	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма
г. Бишкек	296	443 565 764	533	856 911 697	435	757 359 126	350	615 711 767	332	640 440 676	1 948	3 316 866 429
г. Ош	121	143 197 341	235	286 105 675	159	202 687 289	65	94 536 689	17	26 294 125	597	752 821 119
Джалал Абадская обл.	73	60 458 000	264	168 600 932	177	124 717 368	63	68 892 093	9	9 758 000	586	432 426 393
Нарынская обл.	22	18 497 430	81	70 805 090	47	39 994 668	26	30 498 522	49	71 145 952	225	230 941 662
Ошская обл.	15	15 070 333	288	109 620 987	241	123 240 330	29	35 203 325	9	13 633 050	582	296 768 025
Таласская обл.	19	12 056 700	24	16 181 539	32	21 533 590	14	8 699 940	6	8 103 000	95	66 574 769
Чуйская обл.	58	49 360 552	208	234 117 276	215	273 432 179	113	147 885 770	49	91 967 048	643	796 762 825
Ыссык Кульская обл.	85	60 518 501	117	96 468 414	87	78 303 855	41	44 904 972	1	1 440 600	331	281 636 342
Итого по КР	707	820 809 621	1 776	1 861 646 941	1 417	1 642 611 405	712	1 057 733 078	474	864 592 450	5 088	6 250 270 894

Таблица 21. Куда обращалась целевая группа за помощью с жильем во время пандемии, №508, в %
	БОМЖи,№122	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ,№172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Никуда не обращался	29,4	94,6	65,5	70	18,5	68,8	50,9	54,4
Мэрия	—	2,7	2,3	5	1,6	10,4	—	28,1
Приюты/ночлежки	60	—	8	—	—	—	5,3	—
Центры социальной защиты	18,8	2,7	12,6	—	3,2	12,5	42,1	5,3
Родственники/знакомые	2,4	—	6,9	20	46	22,9	22,8	—
НКО	—	—	2,3	—	70,2	2,1	—	—
Милиция	—	—	—	—	0,8	2,1	—	—
Нет ответа	—	—	1,1	5	—	—	—	—

[1] Информация предоставлена специалистами ГИК.

Report on the results of a study of homelessness in the cities of Bishkek and Osh as a right to adequate housing. Report prepared by: Anarbayeva S.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….. 3

ABBREVIATIONS. 5

METHODOLOGY. 6

CHAPTER I. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING.. 7

Persons without a fixed place of residence. 7

Graduates of orphanages. 10

Persons with disabilities. 15

Persons who have taken a mortgage loan. 20

CHAPTER III. WEALTH POSITION.. 25

CHAPTER IV. PANDEMIC IMPACT. 28

Persons without fixed residence. 28

Graduates of orphanages, persons with disabilities and persons who have taken a mortgage loan. 29

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 35

Findings. 35

Recommendations. 37

APPENDICES. 39

Demographic characteristics of the survey target group. 39

Additional tables. 41

БОМЖ БССУ ВДД ВОЗ ГИК КР ЛВИК ЛОВЗ МИП МП МТУ МУ МЧС УМИ УСР ФГД ЧП ЧС

METHODOLOGY

Methods of data collection and analysis

used Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to achieve the objectives of the study:

• Desk analysis (analysis of secondary information)

• Survey of respondents in a structured interview format by filling out online questionnaires

Таблица 1. Общая выборка
Target group of respondents	Бишкек	Ош
Persons without a fixed place of residence (homeless)	85	37
Graduates of orphanages (VDD)	87	20
Persons with disabilities (HIA)	124	48
Persons who have taken out a state mortgage loan (LVIK)	57	50
Total:	353	155

The demographic characteristics of the respondents are presented in more detail in Appendix 1.

The survey results were processed using a package of specialized statistical and econometric modeling software SPSS and Excel.

CHAPTER I. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING

Current housing conditions

Persons without a fixed place of residence

Таблица 2. Места проживания БОМЖей, №122, в номинальных числах
Места проживания	до введения карантина	текущее место проживания
Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37	Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37
Арендовал жилье	9	2	1	1
Теплотрасса	8	11	2	12
Брошенное жилье	19	3	7	2
Брошенные здания предприятий	14	6	4	4
Брошенная стройка	5	3	7	6
У родственников/друзей	27	5	12	—
Приют	8	—	51	8
На работе	—	2	—	1
Иное	4	5	—	3
Нет ответа	1	—	1	—

Most homeless people in Osh do not go anywhere in case of any problems.

Graduates of orphanages

Таблица 3. Количество жилых комнат и квадратура арендуемого жилья ВДД, №38
число жилых комнат	число ответов	жилплощадь	число ответов
1	13	До 10 кв. м	4
2	11	10 – 20 кв. м	12
3	4	20 – 30 кв. м	11
4	5	30 – 50 кв. м	9
5 и более	5	Более 50 кв. м	2

Persons with disabilities

As can be seen from Table 4, the vast majority of the surveyed LOVZ rent one-room housing of a small quadrature, most often in the area of 10-50 sq. m.

Таблица 4. Количество жилых комнат и квадратура арендуемого жилья ЛОВЗ, №143
число жилых комнат	число ответов	жилплощадь	число ответов
1	96	До 10 кв. м	68
2	33	10 – 20 кв. м	33
3	14	20 – 30 кв. м	18
—	—	30 – 50 кв. м	22
—	—	Более 50 кв. м	2

Persons who have taken out a mortgage loan

Таблица 5. Виды жилья и сроки приобретенной ипотеки, №107
Вид жилья	Бишкек	Ош
квартира в многоквартирном доме	81,3%	66,7%
дом в частном секторе	13,1%	24,6%
времянка в частном секторе	1,9%	3,5%
нет ответа	—	5,3%
Сроки	Бишкек	Ош
5-10 лет	78,9%	16%
11-15 лет	19,3%	80%
16-25 лет	—	4%
ЗО/НО	1,8%	—

CHAPTER III. FINANCIAL SITUATION

Таблица 6. Источники доходов целевой группы, №386
	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ, №172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Заработная плата	32,2%	60%	3,2%	14,6%	89,5%	100%
Спонсорская помощь	9,2%	—	—	—	—	2%
Доход от подработки	28,7%	30%	0,8%	14,6%	80,7%	18%
Стипендия	12,6%	5%	—	—	—	—
Пособие на ребенка	4,6%	10%	6,5%	10,4%	3,5%	6%
Пособие по инвалидности	3,4%	—	75,8%	72,9%	1,8%	—
Предпринимательство	2,3%	—	—	—	49,1%	6%
Нет источника заработка	8%	—	—	—	—	—
Финансовая помощь от родственников	—	—	—	12,5%	—	—
Нет ответа	6,9%	5%	0,8%	—	—	—

CHAPTER IV. THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

The impact of the pandemic on income and housing issues

Persons without a fixed place of residence

Graduates of orphanages, persons with disabilities and persons who have taken out a mortgage loan

Таблица 7. Как пандемия повлияла на доходы целевой группы, №331, в номинальных числах
	ВДД, №85	ЛОВЗ, №153	ЛВИК, №93
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Сокращение или потеря полной заработной платы	35	10	15	7	43	27
Потерял доходы от подработки	29	6	22	21	35	17
Потерял пенсию по инвалидности	1	—	79	2	—	—
Сокращение/потеря работы	—	—	—	—	12	16
Потерял доходы от предпринимательской деятельности/банкротство	—	—	1	1	5	5
Потерял спонсорскую помощь от благотворительных организаций / людей	4	—	11	4	—	—
Сокращение стипендии	8	—	—	—	—	1
Сокращение пенсий, пособий по инвалидности/ на ребенка	—	—	3	—	1	1

Social and material assistance during the pandemic

Таблица 8. Какую получили помощь во время пандемии, №508, в номинальных числах
	БОМЖи,№122	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ,№172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Не получал никакой помощи	30	22	38	9	9	2	49	25
Продукты/Горячее питание	49	9	39	9	106	42	8	22
Ночлег/место для самоизоляции	20	—	5	—	—	—	—	—
Медпомощь, обследование	14	1	6	1	51	1	1	—
Средства для гигиены	13	2	10		21	8	1	1
Одежду, обувь	17	1	—	—	—	—	—	—
Юридическую помощь	—	—	2	—	58	—	—	—
Психологическую помощь	—	—	1	—	57	—	—	—
Возможность помыться в бане/душе	11	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Снижение процентной ставки по ипотеке	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4

Таблица 9. Ожидаемая помощь государства в решении жилищных проблем, №508
	БОМЖи,№122	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ,№172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Материальной помощи от государства, в виде ежемесячных финансовых (компенсационных) выплат, пособий и т.п.	95,3%	29,7%	17,2%	—	92,7%	25%	93%	44%
Постоянное жилье от государства	92,9%	51,4%	42,5%	70%	98,4%	87,5%	22,8%	4%
Финансовой помощи от государства для улучшения жилищных условий	98,8%	56,8%	12,6%	15%	95,2%	37,5%	47,4%	6%
Временном жилье от государства (пока не приобрету собственное/ пока дети не достигнут совершеннолетия)	9,4%	27%	9,2%	—	—	—	—	6%
Помощь не жду	—	21,6%	23%	25%	—	4,2%	3,5%	44%

Recommendations

Government of the Kyrgyz Republic

OMSU of Bishkek and Osh cities

10. City mayors should introduce simplified mechanisms for applying for social assistance (including online) to people in difficult life situations.

Таблица 10. Половозрастные показатели (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	возраст	пол
До 18 лет	19-28 лет	29-40 лет	41-50 лет	51-63 лет	64+ лет	Муж	Жен
БОМЖи	—	—	1	—	19	13	30	17	20	7	15	—	60	32	25	5
Выпускники детских домов	38	—	39	19	10	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	44	16	43	6
ЛОВЗ	1	—	27	12	45	15	18	7	30	13	3	1	60	22	64	26
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	—	—	3	34	31	14	19	2	4	—	—	—	20	11	37	39

Таблица 11. Национальность (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	кыргыз	русский	узбек	другие
БОМЖи	52	20	24	8	2	1	7	8
Выпускники детских домов	30	6	41	8	4	3	12	3
ЛОВЗ	102	33	8	—	10	11	4	4
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	52	45	2	1	3	4	—	—

Таблица 12. Образование (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	начальное/незаконченное среднее	среднее	среднее специальное (профессиональное)	незаконченное высшее	высшее	нет ответа
БОМЖи	9	1	46	22	22	10	1	—	7	4	—
Выпускники детских домов	10	—	44	10	17	9	6	1	7	—	3
ЛОВЗ	2	12	110	15	9	15	—	2	3	4	—
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	—	1	2	—	16	—	5	2	34	47	—

Таблица 13. Семейное положение (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)
Целевая группа	не замужем/ не женат	замужем/женат	разведен/-на	вдова/ вдовец	пребываю в гражданском браке	нет ответа
БОМЖи	35	3	2	3	40	19	6	2	2	—	—
Выпускники детских домов	68	15	12	3	—	1	—	1	3	—	4
ЛОВЗ	19	11	69	24	16	8	19	3	1	2	—
Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит	7	6	37	38	11	4	2	2	—	—	—

Таблица 15. Наличие документов удостоверяющих личность БОМЖей
	Все, №122	Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37
Есть	89	70	19
Нет	33	15	18

Таблица 16. Давность бездомного образа жизни БОМЖей
Период	Все, №122	Бишкек, №85	Ош, №37
до 6 месяцев	5	—	5
от 6 месяцев до 1 года	8	3	5
от 1 года до 3 лет	32	23	9
от 3 до 5 лет	26	21	5
от 5 до 10 лет	28	21	7
больше 10 лет	18	15	3
ЗО/НО	5	2	3

Таблица 17. Количество сирот среди выпускников детских домов
	Все, №107	Бишкек, №87	Ош, №20
Полные сироты	66	54	12
Наличие родителей	41	33	8
Из них: есть мать	24	18	6
Есть отец	6	4	2
Оба родителя	11	11	—

Таблица 19. Действующие приюты для бездомных в городах Бишкек и Ош
МУ «Коломто», рассчитан на 70 лиц. Находится на территории Первомайского района г. Бишкек по адресу: пр. Жибек-Жолу, 413	Круглый год оказывает помощь и поддержку лицам без определенного место жительства, оказавшимся в трудной жизненной ситуации, в виде предоставления временного ночлега, обеспечения горячим питанием, медосмотром, первичной санитарной обработки (душ, прачечная), гуманитарной одеждой.
Убежище временного содержания (в зимний сезон), рассчитан на 50 лиц. Находится в Бишкеке в микрорайоне №12 по ул. А. Токомбаева, в здании комбината благоустройства.	Созданы условия для жилья, постояльцам предоставляется ежедневное одноразовое горячее питание, оказывается медицинская помощь.
Дом для временного (в зимний сезон) пребывания лиц без определённого места жительства, рассчитан на 40 человек. Он расположен на территории бывшего комбината благоустройства, в Свердловском районе г. Бишкек, по адресу: ул. Фере, 34А.	Созданы условия для жилья, постояльцам предоставляется ежедневное одноразовое горячее питание.
Приют для бездомных женщин с детьми ОФ «Центр милосердия», рассчитан на 35 женщин и 15 детей. Центр находится, в г. Бишкек при Ленинском акимиате по адресу: ул. Трудовая, 10.	Предоставляется одноразовое горячее питание, ночлег, медикаментозная и социально-правовая помощь.
ОФ «Мусаада» для временного размещения (в зимний сезон) лиц без определённого места жительства, рассчитан на 15 человек. Находится в г. Ош по адресу: ул. Атабаева, 3а	Люди могут получить ночлег, комплексное питание один раз в день, также могут помыться и пройти медицинский осмотр.

Таблица 20. Количество и сумма кредитов, выданных ГИК на приобретение жилья[1]
Годы	2016 год	2017 год	2018 год	2019 год	2020 год	Всего
Регионы	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма	кол-во	Сумма
г. Бишкек	296	443 565 764	533	856 911 697	435	757 359 126	350	615 711 767	332	640 440 676	1 948	3 316 866 429
г. Ош	121	143 197 341	235	286 105 675	159	202 687 289	65	94 536 689	17	26 294 125	597	752 821 119
Джалал Абадская обл.	73	60 458 000	264	168 600 932	177	124 717 368	63	68 892 093	9	9 758 000	586	432 426 393
Нарынская обл.	22	18 497 430	81	70 805 090	47	39 994 668	26	30 498 522	49	71 145 952	225	230 941 662
Ошская обл.	15	15 070 333	288	109 620 987	241	123 240 330	29	35 203 325	9	13 633 050	582	296 768 025
Таласская обл.	19	12 056 700	24	16 181 539	32	21 533 590	14	8 699 940	6	8 103 000	95	66 574 769
Чуйская обл.	58	49 360 552	208	234 117 276	215	273 432 179	113	147 885 770	49	91 967 048	643	796 762 825
Ыссык Кульская обл.	85	60 518 501	117	96 468 414	87	78 303 855	41	44 904 972	1	1 440 600	331	281 636 342
Итого по КР	707	820 809 621	1 776	1 861 646 941	1 417	1 642 611 405	712	1 057 733 078	474	864 592 450	5 088	6 250 270 894

Таблица 21. Куда обращалась целевая группа за помощью с жильем во время пандемии, №508, в %
	БОМЖи,№122	ВДД, №107	ЛОВЗ,№172	ЛВИК, №107
Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош	Бишкек	Ош
Никуда не обращался	29,4	94,6	65,5	70	18,5	68,8	50,9	54,4
Мэрия	—	2,7	2,3	5	1,6	10,4	—	28,1
Приюты/ночлежки	60	—	8	—	—	—	5,3	—
Центры социальной защиты	18,8	2,7	12,6	—	3,2	12,5	42,1	5,3
Родственники/знакомые	2,4	—	6,9	20	46	22,9	22,8	—
НКО	—	—	2,3	—	70,2	2,1	—	—
Милиция	—	—	—	—	0,8	2,1	—	—
Нет ответа	—	—	1,1	5	—	—	—	—

[1] Информация предоставлена специалистами ГИК.

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Таблица 14. Занятость (в разбивке Бишкек/Ош)

Целевая группа

работает

учится

не работает / не учится

Выпускники детских домов

Лица, взявшие ипотечный кредит